Minimum Wage Increase And The Effects On Family Poverty

Minimum wage has been a topic that has caused mixed feelings from all parts of the United States and other countries and it continues to be a topic of interest to many. There are some that feel minimum wage it is not high enough to survive, while others feel if minimum wage is raised, so will the cost of goods, such as food, housing and cost of living in general, resulting in no change regardless of increase. There are many families that are living off minimum wage and can barely survive on it. The majority of these families are on either on government assistance and considered in the poverty lines thus impacting the lower class American population the most, or they are single mothers raising their families on one income. The purpose of†¦show more content†¦Department of Labor, 2017). These rates only cover the federal minimum wage, there are some states and even cities, that have their own minimum wage law, which is higher than the federal level. For an example, San Franc isco’s minimum wage is $12.25 and is expected to rise July 2018 to $15 an hour (Bose, 2017), while in Houston Texas the minimum wage is at the federal minimum wage level $7.25 an hour (Howlin, 2013 par. 2). The way the federal minimum wage works is that if a state’s minimum wage is lower than the federal minimum wage level than the federal minimum wage automatically will apply for that state. The reason minimum wage was put into place was to stop business’s overworking and underpaying individuals. This is a benefit for the working class because companies and businesses would not be able to take advantage of these individuals who are in need of jobs and willing to work for next to nothing in order to make ends meet. According to the article, Minimum wage or ‘living’ wage? (2003), the author, McCrate provided an example that in the year 2000, in order for a two-parent, two-job, and two-child family home to ensure their basic needs were met, they would have had to require to make at least $10.38 an hour, in the state of Minnesota. In Urban Vermont, a single parent with two children and health care benefits would have needed $19.70. These statistics are not even consideringShow MoreRelatedSunday, July 24, 2016, Marks Seven Years Since The Last1539 Words   |  7 Pagesfederal minimum wage was raised (U.S. Department of Labor). Since raised, the cost of living has increased by nearly 12 percent. When President Obama called for an increase in 2013 19 states, have raised their minimum wage between $8.15 and $11.00. But is the hike beneficial to everyone? According to conventional economic analysis, increasing the minimum wage reduces employment in two ways. First, higher wages increase the cost to employers of producing goods and services. Second, a minimum wage increaseRead MoreMinimum Wages During 21st Century America1649 Words   |  7 PagesMinimum Wages in 21st Century America In the United States the time has come for the next president to be elected and the political fervor has come early this year with an unconventional, surprisingly interesting primary race. With the coming of a new commander in chief the incessant grilling of the candidates has begun and issues, such as poverty in the United States, are being given the national spot light during debates. The issue of poverty has recently gained traction among citizens as wellRead MoreThe Benefits of Raising the Federal Minimum Wage1334 Words   |  6 Pagesat a minimum wage paying job, you struggle to put food on the table to feed your family, and then you receive a call from the bank saying that your home is being foreclosed. This is the situation faced by thousands of Americans every year due to low income and wealth inequality. The federal minimum wage (FMW) as of April 2014 is $7.25, which is not enough to keep a family of two above the poverty line. There are certain questions on this topic that should be addressed, such as why is poverty and wealthRead MoreThe Effects Of Minimum Wage Increase On The Household And Industry942 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is the effects of a minimum wage increase on the household and industry?Minimum wage in the state of Illinois is only $8.25,but in most jobs $7.25. Most States give higher than $7.25 like Washington D.C. Some minimum wages can be lower like Georgia.Family employment and family income does have a effects on low-wage workers.Most family receive higher pay,that would increase their family s income. Workers that don t have a job would fall substantially and the share of low-wage wokers.EmployedRead MoreRaising the Minimum Wage, A Speech Outline Essay1465 Words   |  6 PagesRaising the minimum wage Introduction I. Attention Getter: Per capita, Idaho is ranked number one in the nation – Number one, when it comes to paying workers as little as possible. II. Topic Orientation: The U.S. Bureau of Labor estimates that 31,000 or 7.7 percent of all Idaho’s workers are paid the current national minimum wage of $7.25 an hour or less. (Maben) A. Idaho has the highest percentage of minimum-wage workers per capita of any state. (Maben) B. The overall poverty rateRead MoreThe Minimum Wage Act Of 20071607 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction In 1938, the first national minimum wage laws in the United States were passed as part of the Fair Labor Standards Act, which served as â€Å"a floor below wages,† to reduce poverty and to ensure that economic growth is shared across the workforce. Today, many people who work for companies that pay at or near the minimum wage and remain near or below the poverty level rely on government health and food security and income programs to supplement theirRead MoreMinimum Wage Needs A Change1184 Words   |  5 Pages16 May 2017 Minimum Wage Needs A Change According to the U.S. Census Bureau, nearly 14% of the nation lives below the poverty line, the current population is 326,474,013, and 45,706,362 of the population lives in poverty every single day. One of the reasons why such a large chunk of the population is in poverty is because they are not being paid a reasonable salary for them to support themselves and their families. Raising the minimum wage can lead to problems, but gradual increases are made overRead MoreEffect Of Raising Minimum Wage1215 Words   |  5 PagesEffects of Raising Minimum Wage The minimum wage in this country has been a controversial issue. Many people believe it will help reduce poverty and boost the economy. However, they are not looking at the downfalls this will bring to our country. This could make the unemployment population rise, it will raise prices of other things, and would have little effect on reducing poverty. Raising the minimum wage would have a negative influence on our country. This movement throughout our countryRead MoreThe Effect Of Minimum Wage Increase On Childrens Social And Economic Standings, Making It Popular With Women1569 Words   |  7 Pages Arguments for an Increase in the Minimum Wage One of the most obvious and anticipated effects of a minimum wage increase is the income increase especially for families on and below the poverty line. An approximated 16.5 million people stand to gain from added wages, and most families incomes would, in fact, rise above the federal poverty threshold (Congressional Budget Office). With so many families depending on the minimum wage to forge a livelihood, an increase would be a blessing in disguiseRead MoreRaising The Federal Minimum Wage889 Words   |  4 Pagesthe federal minimum wage would positively effect the economy. In doing so, I will be discussing how an increase in the federal minimum wage would make a vast improvement on the way many low income families live, and also how raising the federal minimum wage would boost the economy as it desperately needs. In raising the federal minimum wage, one might argue that it would cause a spike in the unemployment rate. The reasoning is that it would force employers to balance the increase in wages that they

Brave New World By Aldous Huxley - 1254 Words

Breonna Fullard Mrs. Rajala English 12 CP September 21, 2015 Brave New World â€Å"And that, put in the Director sententiously, that is the secret of happiness and virtue — liking what you ve got to do. All conditioning aims at that: making people like their unescapable social destiny.† ― Aldous Huxley, Brave New World Huxley is an author who has focused on writing about issues which have both philosophical and ethical significance to the society. It is in most of his works that he writes about those differences between individual and society which lead to development of conflicts. It is in The Brave New World where he focuses on a fictional future where everything will be granted at free will. In this book, individuality has been eliminated with the aim of eradicating those differences that bring about societal conflicts. This has been done in order to ensure that there is stability among the members of the society. The book brings it out clearly that the future presented will be much better compared to the past that has been. Mustapha Mond is the character who asserts this issue and I disagree with him since this is not the truth. The future may be made to look better through the introduction of new ways of doing things but in real senses there is development of more problems which makes life har der. Soma Most of the characters in the book do anything possible with the aim of running away from the truth that isShow MoreRelatedA Brave New World by Aldous Huxley668 Words   |  3 PagesIn Brave New World, there are similarities that have a deeper meaning that we can understand. There are personal effects in Aldous Huxley life that contribute to what he has written in the book. Aldous Huxley throughout his life have seen, done, and events have happened to him, just like all of us, but he has expressed it in his book. So when Aldous wrote the he had so many ideas. I have read the book; it’s notRead MoreBrave New World by Aldous Huxley811 Words   |  3 Pages Brave New World is based around characters who gave up the right of freedom for happiness; characters who ignored the truth so that they could live in a utopian civilization. The deceiving happiness was a constant reminder throughout the book. Almost every character in Brave New World did whatever they could to avoid facing the truth about their own situations. In this society, happiness is not compatible with the truth because the World State believes that happiness was at the expense of theRead MoreBrave New World By Aldous Huxley1525 Words   |  7 PagesA Brave New Feminist The novel Brave New World written by Aldous Huxley in 1932 is known for its social satire, utopian values, and unusual standpoints on stereotypical gender roles. In this time where futuristic technology has completely taken over, and men and women are given the same opportunities for everything, â€Å"the genders appear equal within the social order; both men and women work at the same jobs, have equal choice in sexual partners, and participate in the same leisure pursuits† (MarchRead MoreA Brave New World by Aldous Huxley664 Words   |  3 Pagesfor the fact being in the future and in the past time has changed and many differences were made. In his Dystopian Society Huxley portrays masses of niches where the government produces clones for specific reasons. Huxley decides throughout Brave New World that cloning humans is unethical. He then becomes in contact with the society’s most powerful Alphas and Betas clones. Huxley suggest in BNW that lower class groups in clo ning humans to act like servants to terrorize them into working hard conditionsRead MoreA Brave New World by Aldous Huxley1189 Words   |  5 Pages In the world of sex, drugs, and baby cloning you are going to be in many situations where you feel like the world we live in should be different. In the story Brave New World, they had sex with multiple partners along with a very bad use of drugs. It is weird that Aldous Huxley wrote this book in 1931 about the world he was living in during that time and how it is similar to the world we live in today. Nowadays, drugs are still being used and people are still engaging in sexual encounters withRead MoreBrave New World By Aldous Huxley968 Words   |  4 PagesAldous Huxley’s utopia in Brave New World foreshadowed and illuminated the complications within modern day society. Upon its release, the narrative became widely banned all over the United States due to the unorthodox thoughts and actions of multiple characters in it. Early readers, as well as modern day audiences, feared and rejected the ideals that Huxley incorporated into his perfect society; however, our society today is heading towards the dark paths the older generations desired to avoid. Read MoreA Brave New World by Aldous Huxley895 Words   |  4 Pagesthe novel Brave New World, Aldous Huxley tells of a society where everyone is the same but, compared to t oday’s society, everything is different. Huxley tells of a world where everything that happens or takes place is because of one’s own desire and nothing more. The hero in the novel, a â€Å"savage† named John, is Huxley’s main focal point. It is through his eyes and mind that the reader sees what’s going on. Now when I read this novel, I began to think, â€Å"Could this perfect, conformed world actuallyRead MoreA Brave New World by Aldous Huxley1684 Words   |  7 Pagesimperfect world and is usually only a hopeful dream. These types of worlds can greatly be described in detail through the world of science fiction. Aldous Huxley was an English writer who lived during a time when war and chaos were engulfing the world. His works reflect his view and thoughts on a dystopia, which is a false utopia, and describes what could occur in possible governments of the world. The ability to understand and dive into the thoughts of the author is what make s world literatureRead MoreA Brave New World by Aldous Huxley614 Words   |  2 Pagesthem truly happy. What if someone were to tell you that what you thought was true happiness was all an illusion. In a Brave New World by Aldous Huxley people in the world state are conditioned and drugged up by soma to not experience true happiness. In a world that is perfect, human beings do not have to depend on drugs to keep our world in balance. In a Brave New World by Aldous Huxley there is always a perfect drug called soma that keeps everyone happy, which they have based their society on. ThisRead MoreA Brave New World by Aldous Huxley948 Words   |  4 PagesWelcome to a world were â€Å"Brave† is not just a word; It has a true meaning. This is a story were everything as you know it, doesn’t seem to be right and will completely change your way of thinking. When this story was written, life was very harsh for many people†¦.Mostly for the author who wrote â€Å"Brave New World† During this time (1930s) they didn’t have much sexual content Living The Future Of The Past In The Present†¦.. In the air; But Aldous made a future full of sex for them and we are the

Organizational Changes at Meatpack for Bison-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theOrganizational Changes at Meatpack for Bison. Answer: The managerial approach of Bison would decide the work culture of the organization. According to his aim to make MeatPack a billion dollar organization by 2020, Bison needs to evaluate the pros and cons of hands-off and hands-on approach to the business and put his best foot forward towards managing the organization. Rather than a single management approach, Bison should balance between the hands-off and hands-on approach. The management styles of hands-on and hands-off approach are studied in detail to understand what will benefit the organization. A hands-on approach of management is the manager being in close contact with the employees and is engaged in tasks similar to the employees (Wheelen and Hunger 2017). The hands-on approach gives the employee more job satisfaction and the manager can get better feedback from the employees as well as the customers. In the hands-off approach, the manger trusts the employees to use their creativity and the ideas to solve the issues arising in the organization or any other problems (Nisbet 2017). This approach allows the employees to have more freedom in performing their duties and thereby assures job satisfaction. In this approach, the manager is away from the basic processes of the organization, which makes it tough for them to manage the employees. The Aim that Bison has for MeatPack cannot be achieved by a single managerial approach as there will be the requirement of application of the both the approaches. The expansion of the company would need a more hands-off approach of entrusting the capabilities of the person to whom the job is assigned. On the other hand, more hands-on approach should be taken to inculcate the organizational culture and help the new employees of the organization. The balance of both is extremely necessary for the success of an expanding organization. MeatPack had always been employing people on a word of mouth basis so there have always been employees from the same family working for the company. The management of the MeatPack has also been also been a family owned business for a long time so most of the managerial posts belonged to the family members. This organizational attitude of MeatPack has always been a hands-on approach being a family run organization, which has made it a micro managed organiza tion curbing its growth. The Human Synergistics Circumplex introduced to MeatPack showed negative behavior of the employees for which necessary changed in the management are to be made to make a horizontal organization rather than a hierarchical one (Ellis 2014). The horizontal team of managers needs to have a hands-on approach to the interaction with the employees and Bison need to have hands-on approach towards these managers to explain the work environment and organizational goals with them. While expanding the company the franchisee the person under whom the franchisee is entrusted needs to be trusted with his task and more hands-off approach is to be taken for them to have their freedom to do their work. According to reinforcement theory of motivation in organizational behavior it in needed improve the organizational attitude of the new employees and inculcate the work culture and ethics in them (Lepper and Greene 2015). This needs a more hands-on approach towards the new employees. The hands-on approac h employed with the new employees helps them learn quicker and inculcate work culture, which has positive effect on their job satisfaction. Once they learn they should be allowed to use their experiences and a more hands of approach should be taken. To make cultural changes in the organization a more hands-off attitude toward the organization is to be employed to understand the culture of the employees and explain the organizations culture to them. The imbalance of approach from Bisons side would harm the overall work balance of the organization as the job satisfaction of the employees and their workplace attitude depends on it (Christensen and Schneider 2015). The Behavior-Attitude Theory of Organizational Behavior is to be employed in such a cross-cultural organization where assessment with Enterprise resource planning (ERP) software is done (Haddara, Fagerstrm and Mland 2015). The hands-off approach is to be employed when the management is made to shift from the family oriented business to a cross cultured organization. Bison needs to manage the two management styles to create a balance to that a hands-on approach is available based on their personal work ethics. Some employees may find a hands-on approach helpful while others will find it intrusive. The management should pay heed how to manage the employees based on the work ethics preferable across cultures. Thus, Bison needs to manage his organization by balancing his attitude between these two management attitudes. To balance a multicultural Pan-Australian organization intrusive steps need to taken in some area while others need to be given a certain amount of freedom to perform their duties. An overdoing of ant of the two approaches would harm the organizational attitude and behavior of the employees affecting their productivity. The hands-on and hands-off attitude will help Bison increase the reach of his organization and adapt according to the cultural need helping in the growth. The development of the leadership competency among his senior strategic team is something Bison has been keen to do. The change in the senior strategic team and the management that Bison wanted changed the dynamics of the company. Bison was very enthusiastic about the change in the senior management and too active participation in a senior leader development company and an executive coaching. The interaction with the senior team members gave the team members important insights (Dong et. al. 2017). The change in the senior management level brought about a number of changes in the management and with the senior team, Bison too found it tough adapt with the organizational changes happening in the organization. He found the new hands-off approach to be extremely hard to adapt. Moreover, the lack of quickness in decision-making in certain cases and his keeping his involvement minimum when the decisions did not suit him was tough for Bison. Bisons hands-on attitude in the management of MeatPack and his intervention in the work of senior officials caused a number of leaders to leave. The thing harming the repute of the company was that these people were helping in the progress of the company. The lack of communication among the senior strategic teams caused the misunderstanding among them regarding the purpose causing many senior officials to leave (Mishra, Boynton and Mishra 2014). These officials leaving the Meatpack affected its business as according to its COO as they were making positive progress before they left. The resigning proved to be harmful for the business as the consumer and supplier relationship suffered, which helped competitor to gain an edge over the company. The structural and organizational changes in the management along with the outsourcing did not help the purpose of the company as it brought loss of business and lack of leadership in the organization. The internal debates arising in the organization regarding the profitability after the outsourcing and the question arising about the changes in the organizational structure is proving to be harmful for the company. Nonetheless, it was a start towards management changes for an organization, which gives its ground root employees more job satisfaction and a better scope, which would in future be conducive for Bisons aim of becoming a Billion dollar organization. Serious steps need to be taken by Bison to resolve his issues and lead from the front by sharing his vision regarding the company and its future. To fulfill this, a proper organizational communication plan needs to be made through which the new ideals and the ambitions of Bison can reach the employees and they can work as a unit for its achievement. The communication steps are to be taken as shown in Structural Functions Systems Theory where communication channels are kept open and transparent regarding the crisis. A proper organizational communication channel would also help in resolving issues between different managerial bodies, the task they are assigned and the work (Ritzer and Stepnisky 2017). Positive reinforcement should be given to the employees and they should be kept updated regarding the organizational changes and the expectations from them. A more hands-off approach, unless it is necessary. The competence of the top senior officials should be trusted they should be given their creative space to perform their duties. Bison needs to keep in account the fact that after employing people other than those of his family he needs to keep a balance such as those in Unequal Human Capital Theory where certain employees feel others get better treatment than them (Marvel, Davis, and Sprout 2016). Bison should get the stakeholders and the employees involved in the achievement of his ultimate ambition in accordance to Diffusion of Innovation Theory (Baskerville et. al. 2014). In this way in times of crisis like the one in the senior management and otherwise the employees will keep high morals and will productively work towards the progress of the organization. If the management takes these steps, better output is expected from the organization. The organizational management needs to device its communication channel to reach out to the employees and organizational skills should be used to provide a proper work environment (Shockley-Zalabak 2014). In a cross-cultural expansion envisioned by Bison, steps are needed to use cross-cultural management, which will help the organization understand the employees and the employees from different backgrounds to identify with the organizational culture (Thomas and Peterson 2017). These management skill help in making the employees from various cultures understand the work culture and the aims of the organization. Cross-cultural management, employment, and recruitment will not be enough to for the progress and achievement of Bisons goals. The products need to be marketed and sold to the clients across different cultural backgrounds, which will need a proper understanding of the market (Kaynak and Herbig 2014). The senior management needs to do these marketing developments for the progression of the organization. The organizational management needs to diversify its approach and change its organizational approach according to the needs of the environment. It also needs to identify with the mutual goals in accordance with the people it employs. Hence, the senior management needs to organize and manage the behavior of the organization in such a way that the workplace attitude is positive and the productivity is increased. The flatter structure of the organization helps the managers and the senior officials becoming leaders rather than managers (Yinan, Tang and Zhang 2014). The leading attitude of the managers helps in developing a team attitude among the employees of the organization. The organizational culture in MeatPack underwent a change with the change in the structural organization as planned by Bison. The demanding nature of the work to be done for the organization leads to low productivity because of the nature of work in the organization. Majority of the employees working for MeatPack display a high loyalty towards the company and have been working for it for 10 to 15 years. The flatter structure of the organization helps in developing a more hands-on approach and having a better team attitude. The new approach helps in improving the communication between the employees as the middle management is removed which is prevalent in hierarchical organization. The structure allows the employees to understand the expectations of the organization and provide better outputs increasing the productivity of the organization. The flatter structure of the organization helps the senior management to reach out to the employees with the goals of the organization and the ways of achieving it. In case of MeatPack, where the workers have been working for a long time and were majorly employed on a word of mouth basis, such cultural change and the change in management required a flatter structure for a better understanding among the employees and the management. The change in the structure has helped the employees in valuing themselves more as a part of the organization and thus giving more effort in the development of the organization. The Rockefeller Habits encouraged by Bison to be followed by the organization help in progress of the organization (Bell 2015). Despite the early communication crisis among the senior executives, the step of flatter management has helped in the development of job satisfaction among the front line employees, which has helped in increasing the productivity. The increasing number of m anagers and the lack of worker is one of the problems. There have not been any major barriers because of the cultural change but there have been issues, which the management needs to resolve (Jessop 2013). The only barrier to the cultural change, which also affected its proper implementation, was the lack of proper communication channels. The change in the organizational structure required new communication channels according to the structure and the transition in communication was the barrier to the cultural change in the organization (Shockley-Zalabak 2014). The cultural changes in the organization brought about by Bison greatly influenced the workplace attitude and the productivity of the organization (Alvesson and Sveningsson 2015). However, the communication channels improved the work culture change from hierarchical to a flat organization posed other issues regarding the productivity. The increased number of mangers in the organization leads to imbalance between the productivity goals and the original production output of the organ ization. The new pattern of the work shifts is another issue because of which the day shift employees face a lesser workload than evening shift employees. There has been increasing pressure on the line mangers and the frontline employees to deliver on time. Apart from earlier tussles amongst the senior employees to leave there have been no major effects or barriers in the organization. There have been situational crisis during the initial implementation of the new work culture, but later the employees of MeatPack adapted to it (Muscalu and Halmaghi, 2015). The cultural changes in the organization have been smooth because of the loyalty of the employees. Work attitudes toward the cultural change have been mostly positive for the organization from both the managerial level and the frontline production employees. Bisons idea of involving the management with the employees has developed an organization strategy where the employees are given importance along with the managerial team. They are given equal space and priority in the achievement of the organizational goals because of which, the employees take part in increasing the output of the organization. Despite of being multicultural organization, there have not been any major cultural clashes in MeatPack because it is a familial organization. The cultural changes affected the productivity positively, made the organization a better place, and greatly increased the job satisfaction of the employees. The crisis arising due to the lack of communication was perhaps the only problem arising out of the cultural shift, which was automatically resolved after the management transition, was complete. The barriers of the cultural change in case of MeatPack were the change that was intended. When the transition of the organization was complete, the issues were resolved automatically. References Alvesson, M. and Sveningsson, S., 2015.Changing organizational culture: Cultural change work in progress. Routledge. Baskerville, R., Bunker, D., Olaisen, J., Pries-Heje, J., Larsen, T.J. and Swanson, E.B., 2014, June. Diffusion and Innovation Theory: Past, Present, and Future Contributions to Academia and Practice. InInternational Working Conference on Transfer and Diffusion of IT(pp. 295-300). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Bell, K., 2015. Habits: remaking addiction. Christensen, K. and Schneider, B. eds., 2015.Workplace flexibility: Realigning 20th-century jobs for a 21st-century workforce. Cornell University Press. Dong, Y., Bartol, K.M., Zhang, Z.X. and Li, C., 2017. Enhancing employee creativity via individual skill development and team knowledge sharing: Influences of dual?focused transformational leadership.Journal of Organizational Behavior,38(3), pp.439-458. Ellis, T., 2014. How to increase the chance of project success (1087). InMastering Complex Projects Conference 2014(p. 283). Engineers Australia. Haddara, M., Fagerstrm, A. and Mland, B., 2015. Cloud ERP Systems: Anatomy of Adoption Factors Attitudes.Journal of Enterprise Resource Planning Studies,2015. Jessop, B., 2013. 12. Recovered imaginaries, imagined recoveries: a cultural political economy of crisis construals and crisis-management in the North Atlantic Financial Crisis.Before and beyond the global economic crisis: Economics, politics and settlement, p.234. Kaynak, E. and Herbig, P., 2014.Handbook of cross-cultural marketing. Routledge. Lepper, M.R. and Greene, D. eds., 2015.The hidden costs of reward: New perspectives on the psychology of human motivation. Psychology Press. Marvel, M.R., Davis, J.L. and Sproul, C.R., 2016. Human capital and entrepreneurship research: A critical review and future directions.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,40(3), pp.599-626. Mishra, K., Boynton, L. and Mishra, A., 2014. Driving employee engagement: The expanded role of internal communications.International Journal of Business Communication,51(2), pp.183-202. Muscalu, E. and Halmaghi, E.E., 2015. CHANGE IN ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE.Scientific Bulletin" Mircea cel Batran" Naval Academy,18(2), p.348. Nisbet, E., 2017. A hands-on hands-off approach: governance of managed long-term care services in a context of rapid policy change.Public Management Review, pp.1-21. Ritzer, G. and Stepnisky, J., 2017.Modern sociological theory. SAGE Publications. Shockley-Zalabak, P., 2014.Fundamentals of organizational communication. Pearson. Thomas, D.C. and Peterson, M.F., 2017.Cross-cultural management: Essential concepts. Sage Publications. Wheelen, T.L. and Hunger, J.D., 2017.Strategic management and business policy. pearson. Yinan, Q., Tang, M. and Zhang, M., 2014. Mass customization in flat organization: The mediating role of supply chain planning and corporation coordination.Journal of Applied Research and Technology,12(2), pp.171-181.

American invovment in vietnam Essay Example For Students

American invovment in vietnam Essay In American History, the nineteen sixties and the nineteen seventies were extremely turbulent and controversial times. Protest rights were being tested and occasionally suppressed, new moral and political values began to develop, and the Vietnam War dominated the twenty-year period. Vietnam invited many young activist people to begin a huge movement of anti-war protesting denouncing the war, the government, and even the soldiers who were picked against their will to fight. Reasons for American entry into the Vietnam War are controversial, and everyone has a different opinion on why we got into the conflict. Multiple reasons contributed to the entry in Vietnam from support of allies who were fighting their battles, to the fact that the American Government felt that they were responsible to stop the spread of communism led America to fight a war that would define an era. In order to rally support for a war, often something has to happen to get the American people behind the government. In World War Two it was Pearl Harbor, and in Vietnam it was the Gulf of Tonkin incident. On August 2nd, The U.S.S Ticonderoga sank a North Vietnamese ship while on a patrol. Two days later, a U.S ship called the Maddox, had assumed it was under attack, and began to display its firepower into the night for hours hitting nothing. An interview with a pilot of the Maddox said, There was nothing but dark sea, and American firepower. Years later the incident was revealed essentially as a way to rouse the American support for the war cause, and it is known now that the incident was a form of propaganda, but it served its purpose as the publics reason for supporting the war, and the public reason for entry into the Vietnam War. Another reason for American entry into the Vietnam War was the commitment that had formerly been made by the French and the Americans into the fight or the support of the fight in Vietnam for the French colony. The French had been fighting for an Indochina colony after World War Two to benefit them, but at the same time had been struggling with domestic costs and issues. American support to the French in the form of millions of dollars to support the war failed, but officially committed to Americans to a cause in Vietnam in the American governments eyes. In 1954, at Dienbienphu the French military forces came into conflict with the North Vietnamese forces, called the Vietminh after their leader Ho Chi Minh, being defeated and leaving the Communist Vietnamese the victors. The French negotiations left a border at the 17th parallel making North Vietnam the communist half of the country while the Southern half was the democratic portion. An election was set up to decide whether the gover nment was to become communist or democratic. American officials would not stand for this agreement realizing that it would fall to the communist, so they replaced the French in South Vietnam and began to train the South Vietnamese Army. This would soon lead us into the actual cause of the American Entry into the Vietnam War. This War took place during some on the more intense times of the Cold War. Paranoia had already set in for the American Democratic Government and the domino theory was in effect heavily for the leaders of America. Communism quickly became the number one enemy of the American Government and it was made known that the United States would do anything in its power to try and prevent the spread of the influence from the Soviet Union, including going to war in a foreign country. Eisenhowers domino theory helped support the fight against the spread, the actual definition of the theory is, If one country were taken over by Communists, neighboring countries would fall like a standing line of dominoes. Because of the fact that the United States and the Soviet Union both believed the each others principles and beliefs were wrong, each one was eager to prevent the spread of the others influence. In an attempt to stop the manifestation of Communism in Southeast Asia, the Government arranged the G ulf of Tonkin Incident to create the illusion of a surprise attack against American warships. Now the government officially had there reason to rouse the public, and now the fight against communism was on for the second significant time. .u15bc0720e7dec81c449008bd9fbe35e1 , .u15bc0720e7dec81c449008bd9fbe35e1 .postImageUrl , .u15bc0720e7dec81c449008bd9fbe35e1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u15bc0720e7dec81c449008bd9fbe35e1 , .u15bc0720e7dec81c449008bd9fbe35e1:hover , .u15bc0720e7dec81c449008bd9fbe35e1:visited , .u15bc0720e7dec81c449008bd9fbe35e1:active { border:0!important; } .u15bc0720e7dec81c449008bd9fbe35e1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u15bc0720e7dec81c449008bd9fbe35e1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u15bc0720e7dec81c449008bd9fbe35e1:active , .u15bc0720e7dec81c449008bd9fbe35e1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u15bc0720e7dec81c449008bd9fbe35e1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u15bc0720e7dec81c449008bd9fbe35e1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u15bc0720e7dec81c449008bd9fbe35e1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u15bc0720e7dec81c449008bd9fbe35e1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u15bc0720e7dec81c449008bd9fbe35e1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u15bc0720e7dec81c449008bd9fbe35e1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u15bc0720e7dec81c449008bd9fbe35e1 .u15bc0720e7dec81c449008bd9fbe35e1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u15bc0720e7dec81c449008bd9fbe35e1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Mencius EssayAll of these three causes revolve around the central cause that fueled mostly all of the conflicts involving the U.S. during the 40 year cold war, and that was to prevent the spread of Communism. The Gulf of Tonkin Incident was used to rally support for the war against the communist north, the replacing of the French in South Vietnam was to prevent the election of a communist leader, and to train an army to fight the communist north, and all of these were the outward reasons for the prevention of the spread of communism. Work CitedChambers, Ed Whiteclay. The Causes of the Vietnam War. Modern American Poetry. 22 May 2005 . Domino Theory. Wikipedia. 1 May 2005. 22 May 2005 . Galloway, John. The Americans. N.p.: Dickinson University Press, 1970. Kim, Tom. Gulf of Tonkin Incident. Campus.Northpark.edu. 22 May 2005 . McDonald, Joe. Vietnam War. Vietnam War. 22 May 2005 .

Learning of Children in Early Ages Essay Example

Learning of Children in Early Ages Essay Learning of kids in early ages ConteNational Trusts Introduction We will write a custom essay sample on Learning of Children in Early Ages specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Learning of Children in Early Ages specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Learning of Children in Early Ages specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Emergent literacy Issues in the acquisition of literacy How immature kids learn different composing systems Writing different books and the design of symbols Embodied cognition Decision Plants Cited Question: See the ways in which kids learn to read and compose. Illustrate, utilizing Kenner, Al-Khatri, Kwok, Kim and Tsai’s survey ( 2004 ) how immature kids pay attending to directivity, form, size, spacial orientation in bring forthing different composing books. Introduction It is necessary to promote the kids towards larning since childhood. Motivation towards larning and thought is of import when kid is immature because at that clip, kid grabs the thing easy. If child gets developing about the importance of acquisition and patterns composing in the early childhood, so it will be good for his remainder of life. It is a fact that a kid alterations in a batch of ways during the old ages of primary school. These old ages are so much of import to develop a wont of acquisition and thought in the kid. Cognitive development is necessary to be developed in immature kids. Cognitive development includes larning accomplishments such as linguistic communications, strong memory, planning and paying attending to the work. In these initial old ages, parents have to play their function. ( Australia, 2012 ) By the aid of different activities, parents can actuate the kids towards larning new things. But it is besides a fact that developing immature kids is non an easy undertaking. It is neither easy for the parents and nor for the instructors. By the aid of assorted Sessionss, activities and games, we can promote kids towards larning. Child sometimes faces trouble in larning different materials at a clip but with the transition of clip, he becomes accustomed. In the book,Becoming BiliterateKenner C. ( 2004 ) explains about child’s acquisition of different linguistic communications. He besides discusses about different ways by which we can actuate immature kids to read and compose. Furthermore, in the paper, we will look on different ways of learning kids in immature ages and besides discuss relevant techniques. Emergent literacy Term Emergent literacy defines the interaction of immature kids with books. This term explains that when a kids is in the province of larning something and when he is non in a place of authorship or reading some material. Marie Clay used this term for the first clip. Emergent literacy is process that starts from the birth of a kid and continues until and unless child trains in authorship or reading in a conventional sense. This term is used in the field of psychological science, linguistics, sociology and instruction. ( Anon. , 2011 ) Procedure of reading and composing starts in the immature ages of an person. A child attempts to reach with different types of communicating from the beginning. It is observed that most of the kids starts acknowledging different marks and symbols in the age of two or three old ages. It is because of the fact that every clip, their head is in the province of acquisition and interacting with different things. Equally far as this affair is concerned that e ither the kid starts composing foremost or reading, it varies from kid to child. But researches show that most of the kids face trouble in reading during their early ages and get down composing rapidly. Issues in the acquisition of literacy Acquisition of literacy for the immature kids is non easy. Although, kid starts detecting all the things by utilizing his five senses but still some counsel is necessary. By the aid of counsel and preparation, kid learns the things easy. There are different issues that a kid faces in the acquisition of literacy particularly in footings of larning 2nd linguistic communication. Learning of different linguistic communications becomes a large job for immature kids. In the article, Literacy and Second Language Acquisition: Issues and Positions,Weinstein ( 1984 ) explains that there is a strong relationship between the acquisition of 2nd linguistic communication and literacy. Writer explains that understanding different linguistic communications and larning 2nd linguistic communication is hard. ( WEINSTEIN, 1984 ) In another article by Philip and Mikko ( 2003 ) , it was explained that most of the kids in European states complete their acquisition of linguistic communication before get down ing their early school instruction. English is at the top in the acquisition of linguistic communications. Children learn English easy every bit compared to other linguistic communications. ( Philip H. K. Seymour, Mikko Aro, Jane M. Erskine, 2003 ) Another issue that is faced by the kids in acquisition is their mental province. It is non ever necessary that mental province of every kid is same. Therefore, we can non use same schemes for all kids. Some kids do non catch these thing rapidly and to develop the sense of larning in them, it is necessary to use alternate techniques. How immature kids learn different composing systems There are different composing systems working in the universe. It is non necessary that everyone knows all composing systems. Most of the people knows one or two composing systems normally. Talking in footings of larning different composing systems for the kids, it is good to develop them in their early ages. For illustration, if a kid is born in Europe and parents want him to go familiar with English composing system, so they have to steer him about English composing alphabets in the early ages. There are fundamentally two types of composing systems. First type is known as alphabets and 2nd type is called as Syllabaries. Both types are divided on assorted sub divisions. List of major categorization is as following. Consonant alphabets Abugidas Alphabets Syllabaries Semanto-Phonetic composing systems Undeciphered composing systems ( Anon. , 2007 ) Now, the inquiry is how immature kids learn different composing systems? There are different ways by which we can steer immature kids in larning assorted composing systems. First manner to better literacy is by learning Morphemes. Morphemes is a aggregation of words that consists of different units of significance. By the aid of morphemes, kids can easy articulate the words and spell them. Teaching morphemes is a best manner to learn vocabulary to the immature kids. ( Nunes, T. , and Bryant, P, 2006, pp. 14 ) Another manner to learn different composing systems to the kids is by utilizing composition board books. Parents can utilize different pieces of apparels, and cardboard books to learn different alphabets to the kids. Colorful images can play an of import function in pulling the immature kids towards acquisition. Writing different books and the design of symbols For composing a peculiar linguistic communication, specific composing system is used. Writing system is normally known as Script. On the other manus, symbols are besides used to steer kids about linguistic communications. Types of books are as following. Script support Alphabets Right to left alphabets Syllabary Syllabic alphabet Ideographic book Depending upon your linguistic communication manner and book, you can learn your kid about the linguistic communication. If we take the illustration of English composing system, so it is seen that it starts from the left manus side whereas in instance of Arabic, book starts from right manus side. So, it is necessary for the parents that they teach child about these rudimentss. Suppose, you are from the Arabic background and do familiar your kid with the Arabic authorship system, so it is necessary for you to concentrate on the Arabic authorship system. You should choose those books and composition boards on which Arabic words are written so that your kid starts acknowledging these words. Following is an image that tells you about the basic Arabic authorship system. Another manner of steering your kid is through symbols. You can learn your kid by utilizing different symbols and images of something. In the early childhood, child easy understand words by the aid of its illustration. Kerner ( 2004 ) focused on the illustration of symbols and images. ( Kenner, C. Al-Khatib, H. , Kwok, G. , Kam, R. and Tsai, K, 2004, pp. 35 ) , In this image, we can see that with all the English alphabets, different images are used so that child cane place the word easy. By the aid of symbols and images, designation of words become easy. Embodied cognition In order to learn the kids to read and composing, actions besides play a great function. Education in which organic structure involves actions and knows how to move on something is called as Embodied Knowledge. The best illustration of this type of cognition is siting a bike. Almost, everyone knows how to sit a bike and we do non necessitate to memorise the process of siting bike. This is a type of cognition that is automatically imprinted in the head of an person. It can be said that corporal cognition is present in our unconsciousness. Children learn this cognition by detecting the environment. Embodied cognition is slightly similar to the Cognitive scientific discipline. Decision To reason the full treatment, it can be said that parents can play an of import function in learning their kid in early old ages. Young kids are rather sensitive and in the early ages, their attention is the responsibility of parents. Parents should learn their kid by utilizing techniques and activities. Before directing the kid to school, a kid should hold a basic sense of acknowledging and understanding different words and things. So, that he may non confront any trouble in future. Plants Cited Anon. , 2007.Types of authorship system.[ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.omniglot.com/writing/types.htm [ Accessed March 2014 ] . Anon. , 2011.what is emergent literacy? .[ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.lincoln.dubuque.k12.ia.us/School-Wide/Literacy/EmergentLiteracy.htm [ Accessed March 2014 ] . Australia, c. o. , 2012.About thought and acquisition.[ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.kidsmatter.edu.au/sites/default/files/public/KMP_C3_CDTL_AboutThinkingAndLearning.pdf [ Accessed 2014 ] . Kenner, C. Al-Khatib, H. , Kwok, G. , Kam, R. and Tsai, K. ( 2004 ) ,Becoming Biliterate: Young Children Learning Different Writing Systems,Stoke-on-Trent, Trentham Books. Nunes, T. , and Bryant, P. ( 2006 ) ,Bettering Literacy by Teaching morphemes,London, Routledge. Philip H. K. Seymour, Mikko Aro, Jane M. Erskine, 2003. Foundation literacy acquisition in European writing systems.British Journal of Psychology,94 ( 2 ) , p. 143–174. Seymour, P. , Aro, M. , and Erskine, J. ( 2003 ) , Foundation Literacy Acquisition, inBritish Journal of Psychology, 94: 143-174. WEINSTEIN, G. , 1984. Literacy and Second Language Acquisition: Issues and Positions.TESOL Quarterly,18 ( 3 ) , p. 471–484.

Free Essays on Welfare

The United States’ welfare system is a program that enables needy Americans to sustain themselves and provide for their basic needs, which include shelter, food, and clothing. Programs are aimed at helping people unable to support themselves fully or earn a living; necessities that most people can provide on their own through means of labor. Welfare is designed to aid those people who are incapable of working or obtaining any help from family members or other sources. But how is this money obtained? Welfare programs are funded through means of taxes by the same Americans who are part of the labor force. Essentially, all countries should have welfare programs that provide for those people who are needy. However, in order to avoid the dependence of welfare among different groups in our society, government should create policies to modify the current socioeconomic issues and be more selective in deciding just how needy is needy. Over the past decade, the number of foreign immigrants in the United States has risen drastically. According to Virginia Abernethy, â€Å"immigration accounts for nearly half of U.S. population growth† (Abernethy). The reason for this drastic increase is mainly due to the socioeconomic conditions of the neighboring countries. As a result, our nation has found the need to adjust to the overwhelming growth of the population; it has needed to provide for those immigrants who upon arrival are unable to do so for themselves. Indeed, the United States’ welfare system, though not generous by Western European standards, stack up pretty well when compared to the standard of living available in most of the world’s less-developed countries (Borjas). As a result, many immigrants rely on the aid of the United States’ government to sustain themselves since this assistance discourages work. Consequently, welfare system has been altered and so has its purpose, making it unjust to provide funds for people who have never c... Free Essays on Welfare Free Essays on Welfare Last year, the Maryland NAACP released a report concluding that "the ready access to a lifetime of welfare and free social service programs is a major contributory factor to the crime problems we face today."(1) Their conclusion appears to be confirmed by academic research. For example, research by Dr. June O'Neill's and Anne Hill for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services showed that a 50 percent increase in the monthly value of combined AFDC and food stamp benefits led to a 117 percent increase in the crime rate among young black men.(2) Welfare contributes to crime in several ways. First, children from single-parent families are more likely to become involved in criminal activity. According to one study, children raised in single-parent families are one-third more likely to exhibit anti-social behavior.(3) Moreover, O'Neill found that, holding other variables constant, black children from single- parent households are twice as likely to commit crimes as black children from a family where the father is present. Nearly 70 percent of juveniles in state reform institutions come from fatherless homes, as do 43 percent of prison inmates.(4) Research indicates a direct correlation between crime rates and the number of single-parent families in a neighborhood.(5) As Barbara Dafoe Whitehead noted in her seminal article for The Atlantic Monthly: The relationship [between single-parent families and crime] is so strong that controlling for family configuration erases the relationship between race and crime and between low income and crime. This conclusion shows up time and again in the literature. The nation's mayors, as well as police officers, social workers, probation officers, and court officials, consistently point to family break up as the most important source of rising rates of crime.(6) At the same time, the evidence of a link between the availability of welfare and out-of-wedlock births is overwhelming. There ... Free Essays on Welfare When it was originally conceived during a time of economic distress, the welfare program supplied aid to those in need. Welfare aid was received primarily by widowed and divorced mothers, and it served as a cushion to break their fall into a different lifestyle, so that they could get back on their feet and walk on there own with the intent to get there life on track. However today it has come to serve as a paycheck for irresponsible Americans. Welfare is like patching a water main with duct tape; you have to constantly make sure that you keep putting more tape on it to keep it in check, I believe. Welfare programs should show the poor they must learn to fish for themselves if recipients are ever going to work again to support themselves. With this in mind, we must change our welfare system. In 1935, President Franklin D. Roosevelt said: â€Å"I can now see the end of public assistance in America.† FDR’s declaration did not come true considering the amounts of money the federal government was giving out to the poor. The sums were intended to give the needy a boost that would theoretically start the poor towards economic success. That didn’t work. Since then, and over the past 25 years, welfare spending designed to achieve FDR’s goal has totaled hundreds of billions of dollars. Since then, income support to welfare recipients multiplied more than five times in constant dollars. That is, relative to inflation and cost of living adjustments. Since then, the idea of ending public assistance in America has become more and more absurd. Since the early days when welfare helped widows or divorced women make the difficult change to a new start, it’s major function has changed. In a Los Angeles Times poll from 1985, 70 percent of poor women said it is â€Å"almost always† or â€Å"often† true that â€Å"poor young women have babies so they can collect welfare.† Two thirds said that welfare... Free Essays on Welfare The United States’ welfare system is a program that enables needy Americans to sustain themselves and provide for their basic needs, which include shelter, food, and clothing. Programs are aimed at helping people unable to support themselves fully or earn a living; necessities that most people can provide on their own through means of labor. Welfare is designed to aid those people who are incapable of working or obtaining any help from family members or other sources. But how is this money obtained? Welfare programs are funded through means of taxes by the same Americans who are part of the labor force. Essentially, all countries should have welfare programs that provide for those people who are needy. However, in order to avoid the dependence of welfare among different groups in our society, government should create policies to modify the current socioeconomic issues and be more selective in deciding just how needy is needy. Over the past decade, the number of foreign immigrants in the United States has risen drastically. According to Virginia Abernethy, â€Å"immigration accounts for nearly half of U.S. population growth† (Abernethy). The reason for this drastic increase is mainly due to the socioeconomic conditions of the neighboring countries. As a result, our nation has found the need to adjust to the overwhelming growth of the population; it has needed to provide for those immigrants who upon arrival are unable to do so for themselves. Indeed, the United States’ welfare system, though not generous by Western European standards, stack up pretty well when compared to the standard of living available in most of the world’s less-developed countries (Borjas). As a result, many immigrants rely on the aid of the United States’ government to sustain themselves since this assistance discourages work. Consequently, welfare system has been altered and so has its purpose, making it unjust to provide funds for people who have never c... Free Essays on Welfare Welfare is one of America’s most important social policies aimed at helping the poor. Most of the current poor come from poor neighborhoods where dilapidated living conditions and deteriorating neighborhoods shape failure. Young people are cheated of the basic foundation from which to grow because of the lack of jobs available to their parents, forcing them into the welfare system. Although not all welfare recipients live in urban areas, most do and it is important to examine the current welfare system and the direction it is heading toward in order to improve the conditions of our poor citizens. Over the last five years, welfare caseloads have become predominantly urban according to a report done by the Brookings Institution Center on Urban and Metropolitan Policy. While welfare caseloads have dropped and some studies suggest that poverty has been reduced since the enactment of welfare reform five years ago, many cities are still struggling to help welfare recipients move into and stay in the workforce. Cities face unique challenges to welfare reform, including having a greater share of the nation’s welfare caseloads, being home to the hardest to serve, and now confronting an economic recession that further threatens low-income workers. As welfare rolls fall, families that rely on government assistance are increasingly concentrated in big cities. Nearly three in every five people on welfare can be found in the 100 largest U.S. cities. Welfare recipients are becoming clustered in big cities and many are being racially isolated, with African Americans and Hispanics accounting for a growing share of the families who remain on rolls. Between 1994 and 2000, the proportion of the nation’s welfare families that live in the 100 largest cities rose significantly from 47 percent to 58 percent. Moving these people off welfare is more difficult in these big cities rather than in the suburbs. In these cities many families face a shortage ...

Art Nouveau Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Art Nouveau - Essay Example Art Nouveau seemed advanced, willingly grasping the materials of the present and establishing itself as a movement of original, but at the same time, artificial novelty. Did stone validate the strength and riches of the affluent, whose self-centredness Art Nouveau ridiculed? Art Nouveau showed off its originality by transforming stone into a lively work of art with swirling flora, legendary people and mythical creatures. Art Nouveau skilfully used and manipulated stone, but at the same time, adopted new materials like glass, steel, iron, and polychrome glazing, usually in interesting and extraordinary mixtures or arrangements in the same creation, whether it is furniture or a dwelling. Every facet of human thought and behaviour were explored once more. It may be reasonably assumed that there was a transition to a worldview that was governed by an extraordinary sense of assurance and appreciation as regards the environment and human circumstances. There was an incomparable feeling tha t humanity was embracing life and existence, that the Gothic idea that people inhabit a world engulfed by the enigmatic, unfathomable, impenetrable, and bizarre was being eroded. However, as a contradiction, there was also a rejection of positivist ideas, western materialism, and empirical evidence. A feeling of aversion resulted in a return to forgotten traditions and bygone eras and a hostility to mercantilist capitalism. In spite of this dichotomy—a contrast between the natural and the artificial.